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The perfect tense: ik heb gewerkt

A1Verbs in time · lesson 1 of 28

When you talk about what you did, Dutch usually puts a form of _hebben_ (to have) in second place and a past participle (a past form like _gewerkt_, worked) at the end: _Ik heb gisteren gewerkt._ This is the perfect tense, and in everyday conversation it is the most common way to talk about the past. So where English uses the simple past (I worked), Dutch usually uses this form.

The pattern

In a statement, a form of _hebben_ (or sometimes _zijn_) goes in position two and the past participle goes to the end. Everything else sits in between.

Examples

Ik heb gisteren gewerkt.I worked yesterday.
Fatima heeft de huisarts gebeld.Fatima called the GP.
Gisteren heb ik pasta gekookt.Yesterday I cooked pasta.
Daan heeft boodschappen gedaan.Daan did the shopping.
Het heeft de hele dag geregend.It rained all day.
Priya heeft drie jaar in Utrecht gewoond.Priya lived in Utrecht for three years.
We hebben een uur op de trein gewacht.We waited an hour for the train.
Heb je Joris gebeld?Did you call Joris?
Ahmed is naar de gemeente gegaan.Ahmed went to the town hall.

Why it works this way

Think of _heb_ and the participle as two slices of bread. _Heb_ is the top slice in position two, the participle is the bottom slice at the end, and the filling (when, what, where) goes in between: _Ik heb gisteren in de tuin gewerkt._ The action itself comes last, so Dutch listeners wait for it.

English splits the past into have worked and worked, and I have worked yesterday is wrong. Dutch uses one everyday form for both meanings, so it combines easily with _gisteren_ or _vorige week_:

If you speak German, this works almost the same as the German perfect.

Dutch also has a simple past (_ik werkte_). It tends to appear in longer stories and in writing, and it is very common with _zijn_ and _hebben_ themselves: _Ik was ziek._ _Ik had geen tijd._ More in [perfect or simple past](#/lesson/perfect-or-simple-past).

Remember: English keeps have and yesterday apart. Dutch happily puts them together: _Ik heb gisteren gewerkt._

Watch out

Quick check

  1. Choose _heb_, _hebt_ or _heeft_: _Jij ... gisteren tot zes uur gewerkt._
  2. Fix the word order and keep _Gisteren_ at the start: _Gisteren ik heb soep gekookt._
  3. Fix the word order and keep _Fatima_ at the start: _Fatima heeft gebeld de huisarts._
  4. Choose _heeft_ or _is_: _Ahmed ... naar de supermarkt gegaan._

Answers

  1. _hebt_ (with _jij_ in front, _hebben_ becomes _hebt_)
  2. _Gisteren heb ik soep gekookt._ (_heb_ stays in position two, so _ik_ comes after it)
  3. _Fatima heeft de huisarts gebeld._ (the participle goes to the end)
  4. _is_ (_gaan_ uses _zijn_ in the perfect)

Use it today

Tonight, tell someone (or your phone) three things you did today, each with _Ik heb_ and a participle from this lesson. For example: _Ik heb gewerkt_, _Ik heb gekookt_ and _Ik heb mijn moeder gebeld_.

Regular past participles: ge- plus stem plus t or d →
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