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Wie, wat and waar- in relative clauses

B2Pronouns · lesson 17 of 24

In a relative clause (a mini-sentence that describes a noun), Dutch drops _die_ and _dat_ after a preposition such as _met_ or _op_. People get _wie_ (_de collega met wie ik werk_) and things get _waar_ plus the preposition (_de pen waarmee ik schrijf_). Use _wat_ after _alles_, _iets_, _niets_ and _het enige_, after a superlative (the "most" or "best" form) with no noun after it, and to refer back to a whole sentence.

The default words _die_ and _dat_ are covered in [Relative pronouns: die and dat](#/lesson/relative-die-dat). This lesson is about the moments when they step aside.

The pattern

After a preposition, use _wie_ for people and _waar_ plus the preposition for things. Use _wat_ after _alles_, _iets_, _niets_, _veel_, _weinig_ and _het enige_, after a superlative with no noun, and for a whole sentence.

Examples

De collega met wie ik aan dit project werk, gaat volgende week met verlof.The colleague I'm working on this project with is going on leave next week.
Is dat de buurman van wie je de ladder hebt geleend?Is that the neighbour you borrowed the ladder from?
Dit is de fiets waarmee ik elke dag naar mijn werk ga.This is the bike I ride to work every day.
De brief waarop ik wacht, komt van de gemeente.The letter I'm waiting for is coming from the council.
Alles wat je in de vergadering zegt, komt in het verslag.Everything you say in the meeting goes into the minutes.
Het internet is het enige wat ik na de verhuizing nog moet regelen.The internet is the only thing I still have to sort out after the move.
Die fietstocht langs de kust was het mooiste wat we deze zomer hebben gedaan.That bike ride along the coast was the loveliest thing we did this summer.
Er was een storing bij Utrecht, wat betekende dat Priya een uur te laat was.There was a fault near Utrecht, which meant that Priya was an hour late.
Joris heeft na het feest alles afgewassen, wat ik heel attent vond.Joris did all the washing-up after the party, which I thought was very thoughtful.

Why it works this way

_Die_ and _dat_ are pointers: they aim at one specific noun and copy its gender, as in _de fiets die_ and _het huis dat_. Two situations call for a different word.

The first is a preposition. Standard Dutch does not put _die_ or _dat_ straight after a preposition in a relative clause, so it borrows its question words instead. People get _wie_, much like English "with whom". Things get a _waar-_ compound, built the same way as _daarmee_ and _ermee_ (see [er plus a preposition](#/lesson/er-plus-preposition)).

Remember: ask the question first. _Met wie werk je?_ gives _de collega met wie ik werk_, and _Waarmee betaal je?_ gives _de app waarmee ik betaal_.

The second is a vague word for a thing, or a whole sentence. _Alles_, _iets_, _niets_ and _het mooiste_ have no _de_ or _het_ noun behind them, and neither does a sentence, so Dutch uses _wat_, the question word for things. This applies to things only: words for people, such as _iemand_, _niemand_, _iedereen_ and _degene_, take _die_. Compare:

Spoken Dutch is looser. Many people say _de collega waar ik mee werk_, splitting the _waar-_ word and using it for a person. That is normal in conversation; in a formal email, _met wie_ is the safer choice. After _iets_, _het enige_ and superlatives you will also see _dat_. That is accepted, but _wat_ is more common and never wrong. After _alles_, stick to _wat_. The [next lesson](#/lesson/waar-plus-preposition) covers all the _waar-_ words.

If you think in English, the trap is "which": English uses it for a thing and for a whole sentence, while Dutch splits the job between _die_ or _dat_ and _wat_. German speakers often say _met die_, copying "mit dem".

Watch out

Quick check

  1. Fill in one word: _Is dat de huisarts bij ... je sinds kort ingeschreven staat?_
  2. Fill in one word (the verb is _denken aan_): _Het cadeau ... ik dacht, was al uitverkocht._
  3. Choose _die_, _dat_ or _wat_: _Daan heeft zijn rijexamen in één keer gehaald, ... niemand had verwacht._
  4. Fix the sentence: _Dat is de beste pizza wat ik ooit heb gegeten._

Answers

  1. _wie_ (a person after the preposition _bij_)
  2. _waaraan_ (a thing after a preposition: _waar_ plus _aan_)
  3. _wat_ (it refers back to the whole sentence, not to one noun)
  4. _Dat is de beste pizza die ik ooit heb gegeten._ (there is a real noun, _de pizza_, so _die_)

Use it today

Tonight, send a friend or colleague three sentences about your week: one with _met wie_ or _van wie_, one with a _waar-_ word such as _waarmee_ or _waarop_, and one that comments on something with _wat ik ... vond_.

← Relative pronouns: die and dat Waarmee, waarover, waaraan →
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