Some Dutch verbs exist twice, spelled the same but with different meanings, and the stress (the syllable you say loudest) tells you which one you mean. Stress the prefix (the part in front), as in _VOORkomen_, and the verb means occur and splits like any [separable verb](#/lesson/separable-verbs): _Dat komt vaak voor._ Stress the verb part, as in _voorKOmen_, and it means prevent and never splits: _We voorkomen problemen._
The pattern
Some verbs with _door-_, _om-_, _onder-_, _over-_ or _voor-_ come in pairs. Stress on the prefix makes the verb separable; stress on the verb part makes it inseparable (the prefix stays attached), with a different meaning.
- _VOORkomen_: occur. _voorKOmen_: prevent.
- _ONDERgaan_: go down (_De zon gaat onder._). _onderGAAN_: undergo (_Hij ondergaat een operatie._).
- _OVERkomen_: come over from far away (_Mijn zus komt in juli uit Chili over._), or come across (_Hij komt aardig over._). _overKOmen_: happen to someone (_Wat is je overkomen?_).
- In the participle (the form you use with _hebben_ or _zijn_), the separable verb puts _ge-_ in the middle (_voorgekomen_); the inseparable one has [no _ge-_ at all](#/lesson/participles-without-ge) (_voorkomen_).
- With _te_: _voor te komen_ (to occur), but _te voorkomen_ (to prevent).
Examples
| Zulke fouten komen in elk team voor. | Mistakes like that happen in every team. |
|---|---|
| Zoiets is hier nog nooit voorgekomen. | Something like that has never happened here before. |
| Door snel te remmen heeft Yara een ongeluk voorkomen. | By braking quickly, Yara prevented an accident. |
| In december gaat de zon al rond half vijf onder. | In December the sun already sets around half past four. |
| Joris ondergaat morgen een kleine operatie aan zijn knie. | Tomorrow Joris is undergoing a minor operation on his knee. |
| Priya's ouders komen met kerst uit India over. | Priya's parents are coming over from India for Christmas. |
| Je fiets is helemaal kapot. Wat is je overkomen? | Your bike is completely wrecked. What happened to you? |
| Ik weet niet hoe ik bij mijn nieuwe collega's overkom. | I don't know how I come across to my new colleagues. |
Why it works this way
In the separable verb, the prefix still acts like a little word of its own, with its own meaning (_onder_: under or down) and its own stress. That makes it strong enough to stand alone, so in a main clause it moves away from the verb, like _op_ in _opbellen_. In the inseparable verb, the prefix is unstressed and works like _be-_ or _ver-_ from the [previous lesson](#/lesson/inseparable-verbs): it stays attached and leaves no room for _ge-_.
English uses word order for the same contrast: go under versus undergo. Dutch writes both as one word and lets the stress decide. As a tendency, not a rule, the separable verb is the more physical one (the sun really goes down) and the inseparable one the more abstract one (nothing goes down when you undergo surgery).
In a subordinate clause (a clause starting with _dat_, _omdat_ and so on), the separable verb is written as one word again, so the pair looks identical: _dat dit vaak voorkomt_ (that this often occurs), _dat dit ruzie voorkomt_ (that this prevents arguments). Context and stress tell them apart. Writers sometimes add accents to help: _vóórkomen_, _voorkómen_.
Remember: a stressed prefix is strong enough to walk off on its own. An unstressed prefix is too weak to leave, so it stays glued to the verb.
Watch out
- Not: _De zon ondergaat om negen uur._ Say: _De zon gaat om negen uur onder._ (sunset uses the separable verb, so _onder_ goes to the end)
- Not: _Hoofdpijn voorkomt vaak bij mensen met stress._ Say: _Hoofdpijn komt vaak voor bij mensen met stress._ (occur is separable)
- Not: _We hebben veel problemen voorgekomen._ Say: _We hebben veel problemen voorkomen._ (prevent is inseparable: no _ge-_)
- Not: _Wat is je overgekomen?_ Say: _Wat is je overkomen?_ (happen to is inseparable: no _ge-_)
- Not: _Om fouten voor te komen, controleert Bas alles twee keer._ Say: _Om fouten te voorkomen, controleert Bas alles twee keer._ (prevent never splits, not even for _te_)
Quick check
- Choose: _Mijn buurvrouw heeft vorige maand een heupoperatie (ondergegaan / ondergaan)._
- Choose: _Zulke vragen (komen vaak voor / voorkomen vaak) in het inburgeringsexamen._
- Fill in the participle of _overkomen_: _Weet je wat Carlos gisteren in de trein ... is?_
- Fix the sentence: _Om stress voor te komen, plant Sanne haar week op zondag._
Answers
- _ondergaan_: undergo is inseparable, so the participle has no _ge-_.
- _komen vaak voor_: occur is separable, so _voor_ splits off in a main clause.
- _overkomen_: happen to is inseparable, so no _ge-_.
- _Om stress te voorkomen, plant Sanne haar week op zondag._ Prevent never splits, so _te_ goes in front of the whole verb.
Use it today
Tell a friend or colleague about a small mishap from this week, starting with _Weet je wat mij vandaag is overkomen?_ Then say how you will stop it happening again, starting with _Om dat te voorkomen_.