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The order of verbs at the end

B2Word order · lesson 17 of 36

At the end of a subordinate clause (the part after _omdat_, _dat_, _of_ and similar words), the verbs form one block, and no object, _niet_ or time word goes between them. With a form of _hebben_ or _zijn_ plus a past participle (the form after _hebben_ and _zijn_, like _gezien_), both orders are correct: _omdat ik het heb gezien_ and _omdat ik het gezien heb_. With a modal verb (_moeten_, _kunnen_, _willen_ and friends), the conjugated verb (the one that matches the subject) usually comes first: _omdat ik morgen moet werken_, _omdat ik het niet heb kunnen doen_.

The pattern

The verbs at the end of a subordinate clause stay together as one block. Inside it, the conjugated verb usually comes first, but a past participle may also stand at the front.

You need this block whenever you explain, apologise or pass on news: why you missed the train, what the GP said, what _de gemeente_ is planning.

Examples

Sanne zegt dat ze de offerte al heeft verstuurd.Sanne says she has already sent the quote.
Sanne zegt dat ze de offerte al verstuurd heeft.Sanne says she has already sent the quote.
Ik kan vanavond niet, omdat ik morgen vroeg moet werken.I can't make it tonight, because I have to work early tomorrow.
Weet jij of Ahmed vrijdag ook wil komen?Do you know if Ahmed wants to come on Friday too?
Het spijt me dat ik niet op je verjaardag heb kunnen komen.I'm sorry I couldn't come to your birthday.
Fatima vertelde dat ze de huisarts de hele ochtend niet had kunnen bereiken.Fatima said she hadn't been able to reach the GP all morning.
De gemeente laat weten dat de brug volgend jaar moet worden vervangen.The municipality says the bridge needs to be replaced next year.
De gemeente laat weten dat de brug volgend jaar vervangen moet worden.The municipality says the bridge needs to be replaced next year.
Ik denk dat Joris dat best zou moeten kunnen regelen.I think Joris should be able to sort that out.

Why it works this way

Each verb in the block is the boss of the next one. _Heb_ sets the time, _kunnen_ adds ability, and _doen_ carries the actual action, so the block runs from boss to worker: _heb kunnen doen_. That happens to be the English order too: have been able to do, should be able to sort out, needs to be replaced.

The past participle is the free spirit. It can behave like an adjective (_de winkel is gesloten_), and adjectives sit before the verb (_omdat de winkel dicht is_), so _gesloten is_ feels just as natural as _is gesloten_. English puts the participle after the auxiliary, German puts it before, and Dutch allows both. Many speakers switch between the two without noticing.

Remember: the verbs at the end are a coupled train. Nobody climbs in between the carriages, and lining them up in English order (have been able to do: _heb kunnen doen_) is your safe default.

Watch out

Quick check

  1. Choose the correct sentence: (a) _Ik kom wat later, omdat ik moet nog boodschappen doen._ (b) _Ik kom wat later, omdat ik nog boodschappen moet doen._
  2. Put the verbs in the right order: _Priya appt dat ze de trein van acht uur niet ... (halen, heeft, kunnen)._
  3. Right or wrong? _Mei zegt dat ze de rekening al betaald heeft._
  4. Fix the sentence: _Ik vind het jammer dat Sanne heeft niet kunnen komen._

Answers

  1. (b): _nog boodschappen_ goes before the block, and _moet doen_ stays together.
  2. _heeft kunnen halen_: conjugated verb first, main verb last, and _kunnen_ as an infinitive.
  3. Right: with _hebben_ plus a participle both orders work, so _al heeft betaald_ is equally good.
  4. _Ik vind het jammer dat Sanne niet heeft kunnen komen._ (_niet_ goes in front of the block)

Use it today

Send a short message to a neighbour or colleague about something you could not do, using _omdat_ or _dat_ and a block of three verbs, for example _Sorry dat ik je pakketje gisteren niet heb kunnen aannemen._ Then say one sentence with _heb_ plus a participle out loud in both orders.

← Relative clauses inside a sentence Separable verbs in subordinate clauses →
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