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Irregular past participles

A2Verbs in time · lesson 4 of 28

Many everyday Dutch verbs do not follow the regular _t_ or _d_ pattern for their past participle (the form you use with _hebben_ or _zijn_ in the perfect tense, like _gewerkt_ in _ik heb gewerkt_). Most of them end in _-en_ instead, often with a new vowel: _drinken_ becomes _gedronken_. A small group ends in _-cht_, and a few, like _zijn_ and _geweest_, are one of a kind, so you learn each verb and its participle as a pair.

The pattern

Irregular verbs do not follow the recipe _ge-_ + stem (the _ik_ form) + _t_ or _d_. Most of their participles end in _-en_, a small group ends in _-cht_, and a few are one of a kind.

Examples

Ik ben vanochtend naar het station gelopen.I walked to the station this morning.
Fatima heeft een brief aan de gemeente geschreven.Fatima wrote a letter to the municipality.
Op de verjaardag van Lotte hebben we veel koffie gedronken.We drank a lot of coffee at Lotte's birthday.
Daan heeft de trein van kwart over acht genomen.Daan took the 8:15 train.
Heb je de nieuwe buren al gezien?Have you seen the new neighbours yet?
Ik ben vorige week bij de huisarts geweest.I went to the GP last week.
Joris heeft de hele week griep gehad.Joris had the flu all week.
Wat hebben jullie zaterdag gedaan?What did you do on Saturday?
Ahmed heeft in de supermarkt brood gekocht.Ahmed bought bread at the supermarket.
Heb je aan de melk gedacht?Did you remember the milk?

Why it works this way

Irregular verbs are a minority, but they include many of the verbs you use most. Words that people say every day tend to keep their odd forms, because everyone hears them too often to forget them. New verbs almost always follow the regular recipe: _appen_ → _geappt_, _googelen_ → _gegoogeld_.

You cannot tell from the infinitive whether a verb is irregular: _hopen_ → _gehoopt_, but _lopen_ → _gelopen_ and _kopen_ → _gekocht_. So learn each new verb together with its participle, out loud. Later, the [patterns in irregular verbs](#/lesson/strong-verb-patterns) make the list feel shorter.

Remember: English has the same two families. Where English says written, eaten or seen, Dutch usually ends in _-en_ too: _geschreven_, _gegeten_, _gezien_. And thought, brought, bought and sought match the Dutch _-cht_ verbs: _gedacht_, _gebracht_, _gekocht_, _gezocht_. It is a tendency, not a rule: walked and helped are regular in English, but _gelopen_ and _geholpen_ are not.

Watch out

Quick check

  1. Fill in the gap: _Priya is vandaag met de bus naar haar werk ... (komen)._
  2. Choose the right form: _Ik heb mijn sleutels overal ... (gezoekt / gezocht)._
  3. Fill in the gap: _Emma is zaterdag met de trein naar Utrecht ... (gaan)._
  4. Fix the sentence: _Bas heeft zijn buurvrouw naar het ziekenhuis gebrengd._

Answers

  1. _gekomen_ (_ge-_ plus the infinitive)
  2. _gezocht_ (_zoeken_ is a _-cht_ verb)
  3. _gegaan_ (_ge-_ plus the infinitive, like _gezien_)
  4. _Bas heeft zijn buurvrouw naar het ziekenhuis gebracht._ (_brengen_ is a _-cht_ verb, so _'t kofschip_ does not help)

Use it today

Today, ask a colleague _Wat heb jij gisteren gedaan?_ When they ask you back, answer in three sentences, each with a verb from this lesson, such as _Ik ben naar de markt gegaan_ or _Ik heb boodschappen gedaan_.

← 't kofschip: choosing t or d Hebben or zijn in the perfect tense →
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