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The simple past of regular verbs: -te and -de

A2Verbs in time · lesson 7 of 28

To put a regular Dutch verb in the simple past (the one-word past tense, like English worked), take the stem and add _-te_ or _-de_: _ik werkte_, _ik woonde_. In the plural, add _-ten_ or _-den_: _wij werkten_, _wij woonden_. The memory trick _'t kofschip_ tells you whether you need the _t_ or the _d_.

This tense, _de onvoltooid verleden tijd_, is the tense of stories, written texts and descriptions of how things were: _Het regende. Daan werkte tot zes uur en fietste daarna naar huis._ When you chat about one finished event, Dutch speakers usually prefer the perfect tense (_Ik heb gisteren gewerkt._). The lesson [Perfect or simple past](#/lesson/perfect-or-simple-past) explains that choice.

The pattern

Look at the consonant just before _-en_ in the infinitive. If it belongs to the _'t kofschip_ group, add _-te_ to the stem (plural _-ten_); if not, add _-de_ (plural _-den_).

Examples

Ik werkte vroeger in een bakkerij.I used to work in a bakery.
Mijn broers werkten daar ook.My brothers worked there too.
Priya woonde twee jaar in Rotterdam.Priya lived in Rotterdam for two years.
Joris en Lotte woonden vroeger boven een snackbar.Joris and Lotte used to live above a snack bar.
Ahmed fietste elke ochtend naar zijn werk.Ahmed cycled to work every morning.
Yara belde om acht uur de huisarts.Yara called the GP at eight o'clock.
Carlos wachtte een uur bij de gemeente.Carlos waited an hour at the town hall.
De buren verhuisden in de zomer naar Groningen.The neighbours moved to Groningen in the summer.
Het regende de hele dag.It rained all day.

Why it works this way

Put your fingers on your throat and say a long _s_, then a long _z_. On the _z_ you can feel a buzz: that is a voiced sound. The _s_ has no buzz, and neither do the other consonants of _'t kofschip_. The ending matches: _t_ is the quiet partner of _d_, so a quiet consonant gets _-te_, and most other sounds (vowels, _l, m, n, r_) get _-de_.

The letters _v_, _z_ and _g_ also take _-de_, simply because they are not in _'t kofschip_: _leven_ gives _leefde_, _reizen_ gives _reisde_, _zorgen_ gives _zorgde_. In much of the Netherlands, people pronounce _g_, and often _v_ and _z_ as well, with little or no buzz, so your throat is not a reliable test for these letters. Trust the spelling of the infinitive.

Remember: the past tense makes the same choice as the past participle, which you already know from [choosing t or d](#/lesson/t-kofschip). If the participle ends in _t_ (_gewerkt_), the past takes _-te_ (_werkte_); if it ends in _d_ (_gewoond_), it takes _-de_ (_woonde_).

Watch out

Quick check

  1. Put the verb in the simple past: _Sanne ... (koken) gisteren voor haar collega's._
  2. Put the verb in the simple past: _Emma en Mei ... (wachten) een kwartier op de trein._
  3. Choose: _De kinderen (speelden / speelten) de hele middag buiten._
  4. Fix the verb: _Joris reiste vorig jaar door Spanje._

Answers

  1. _kookte_: _koken_ has a _k_ before _-en_, and the stem _kook_ keeps its double _o_.
  2. _wachtten_: stem _wacht_ plus _-ten_ for two people.
  3. _speelden_: _l_ is not in _'t kofschip_.
  4. _Joris reisde vorig jaar door Spanje._ (_reizen_ has a _z_, so _-de_)

Use it today

Write three sentences about your life before your current home, using regular verbs like _wonen_, _werken_, _leren_ and _verhuizen_, for example _Ik woonde in Madrid en werkte bij een bank._ Check every ending with _'t kofschip_ before you show them to a Dutch friend.

← Participles without ge- The simple past of irregular verbs →
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