Home › Lessons › Style and register

If only: Als ik het had geweten

B2Style and register · lesson 9 of 13

To talk about something that did not happen in the past, put the _als_-clause in the past perfect, the tense with _had_ or _was_: _als ik het had geweten_ (if I had known). In the main clause, the part that could stand on its own, use _zou_ plus a participle (the form like _gekomen_) plus _hebben_ or _zijn_, or simply use the past perfect again: _zou ik gekomen zijn_ or _was ik gekomen_. Both mean "I would have come", and both are correct and common.

This is the grammar of regret, relief and excuses: the train you missed, the birthday you forgot, the job you nearly got.

The pattern

For an unreal past, use _als_ + _had_ or _was_ + participle. In the main clause, use _zou_ + participle + _hebben_ or _zijn_, or just _had_ or _was_ + participle.

Examples

Als ik het had geweten, was ik eerder gekomen.If I had known, I would have come earlier.
Als ik het had geweten, zou ik eerder gekomen zijn.If I had known, I would have come earlier.
Als de trein niet was uitgevallen, waren we op tijd voor de vergadering geweest.If the train hadn't been cancelled, we would have been on time for the meeting.
Daan had de baan gekregen als hij zijn cv eerder had opgestuurd.Daan would have got the job if he had sent his CV earlier.
Als Fatima meer tijd had gehad, zou ze de cursus hebben afgemaakt.If Fatima had had more time, she would have finished the course.
Als het niet zo hard had gewaaid, was Bas op de fiets gegaan.If it hadn't been so windy, Bas would have gone by bike.
Als je me had gebeld, had ik je van het station opgehaald.If you had called me, I would have picked you up from the station.
Ik zou het niet hebben gezegd als ik had geweten dat ze erbij was.I wouldn't have said it if I had known she was there.
Als Priya de brief van de gemeente had gelezen, had ze de afspraak niet gemist.If Priya had read the letter from the municipality, she wouldn't have missed the appointment.

Why it works this way

Dutch, like English, takes a step back in time to show that something is not real. For the present, that step lands on the simple past: _Als ik tijd had, zou ik komen_ (but I don't have time). For the past, the only step left is the past perfect. So _had_ and _was_ do two jobs: a real earlier past (_de trein was al vertrokken toen ik aankwam_) and an unreal past (_als de trein nog niet was vertrokken, had ik hem gehaald_). Even after _als_, the past perfect can describe a real past that the speaker is unsure about, so the context decides. A main clause like _was ik gekomen_ or _zou ik gekomen zijn_ makes the unreal meaning clear.

That is also why the main clause can simply repeat the past perfect: _had ik gebeld_ is already one step away from reality, so _zou_ adds nothing new. The two options mean the same. The short version is very common in conversation, and the _zou_ version is just as standard, in speech and in writing.

If you speak German, this will feel familiar ("wenn ich es gewusst hätte, wäre ich gekommen"), except that Dutch uses its ordinary past forms, with no special subjunctive. If you speak English, resist copying "if I would have known": _als ik het zou hebben geweten_ is not wrong, but it is heavy, and most speakers keep _zou_ out of the _als_-clause. Dutch can also drop _als_ altogether: _Had ik het geweten, dan was ik gekomen_. More on that in [conditions without als](#/lesson/conditionals-without-als).

Remember: one step back in time is one step away from reality. For the past, that step lands on _had_ or _was_, and you may use it on both sides of the comma.

Watch out

Quick check

  1. Choose _had_ or _was_: _Als Mei niet ziek ... geworden, was ze naar de verjaardag van haar buurman gegaan._
  2. Fill in one word: _Als Sanne het adres had gehad, ... ze Lotte een kaartje hebben gestuurd._
  3. Rewrite the main clause with the past perfect instead of _zou_: _Als het niet had geregend, zouden we buiten hebben gegeten._
  4. Fix the word order: _Als Ahmed eerder was vertrokken, hij had de bus gehaald._

Answers

  1. _was_ (_worden_ takes _zijn_, so _was geworden_)
  2. _zou_ (_zou_ + _hebben_ + participle, and _ze_ is Sanne, so singular)
  3. _Als het niet had geregend, hadden we buiten gegeten._ (same meaning, no _zou_ needed)
  4. _Als Ahmed eerder was vertrokken, had hij de bus gehaald._ (after the _als_-clause the verb comes first)

Use it today

Think of one small thing that went wrong this week, like a missed train or a forgotten birthday. Say or write it twice: once with _zou_ (_Als ik mijn wekker had gezet, zou ik de trein hebben gehaald_) and once with the past perfect (_Als ik mijn wekker had gezet, had ik de trein gehaald_).

← Linking ideas in writing: bovendien, echter, kortom Conditions without als: Mocht je vragen hebben →
Practice this, don't just read it

Play the grammar games (de/het, die/dat, geen/niet, word order and more), track your streak, and get feedback on every answer. Part of the full Dutch Fluency dashboard. Start free. Pro is 7 days free, then €19 a month, cancel any time.

Start free Play the games