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The four jobs of er

B1Word order · lesson 20 of 36

_Er_ is one small word with four jobs. It can mean "there" for a place you already mentioned, stand in for a noun after a number, announce something new (like English "there is"), or join a preposition (a small word like _op_ or _met_) to mean "it" or "them". Once you spot which job it is doing, the sentence makes sense.

The pattern

_Er_ is an unstressed placeholder. It stands for a known place, a dropped noun or a thing after a preposition, or it announces a new subject.

Examples

Ken je Zwolle? Ik woon er al drie jaar.Do you know Zwolle? I've lived there for three years.
Carlos werkt bij de gemeente en hij vindt het er leuk.Carlos works for the council and he likes it there.
Hoeveel kinderen heeft Daan? Hij heeft er twee.How many children does Daan have? He has two.
Ik wilde avocado's kopen, maar de supermarkt had er geen meer.I wanted to buy avocados, but the supermarket had none left.
Er staat een man voor de deur.There's a man at the door.
Er rijden vandaag geen treinen tussen Utrecht en Amersfoort.There are no trains between Utrecht and Amersfoort today.
Ga je die baan in Rotterdam nemen? Ik denk erover.Are you taking that job in Rotterdam? I'm thinking about it.
Mei heeft een nieuwe fiets en ze is er heel blij mee.Mei has a new bike and she's really happy with it.
Ahmed heeft een brief van de gemeente gekregen, maar hij begrijpt er niets van.Ahmed got a letter from the council, but he doesn't understand any of it.

Why it works this way

Dutch keeps known things light and saves new things for later. _Er_ serves both habits.

For a place, _er_ is to _daar_ what _je_ is to _jij_: the light version. After a number, English happily says "I have two", but Dutch wants a marker for the missing noun, and _er_ is that marker.

The dummy start has its own logic. Dutch prefers not to open a sentence with a brand-new subject like _een man_. _Er_ announces that something new is coming, and the new subject follows. It does this job anywhere in the sentence, not only at the front:

A known subject needs no announcement: _De buurman staat voor de deur._ When a sentence already starts with a place, _er_ is often optional: _In de trein zat (er) een hond._ That is a tendency, not a fixed rule.

With prepositions, Dutch avoids _het_ for a thing. English once did the same, which is where "therefore" and "thereby" come from. People keep their pronoun:

Remember: _er_ is a sticky note on the sentence. It stands for a known place, a dropped noun or a hidden "it", or it announces a new subject before it arrives.

Watch out

Quick check

  1. Fill in the gap: _Hoeveel broers heb je? Ik heb ... drie._
  2. Choose: _(Er / Het / Dat) ligt een pakketje voor je bij de buren._
  3. Fix the sentence: _Sanne heeft een nieuwe laptop en ze werkt graag met het._
  4. Which job does _er_ do here: place, number, dummy start or preposition? _Ben je weleens in Maastricht geweest? Ja, ik ben er vorig jaar geweest._

Answers

  1. _er_ (a number without its noun needs _er_)
  2. _Er_ (it announces something new: _een pakketje_)
  3. _Sanne heeft een nieuwe laptop en ze werkt er graag mee._ (_met het_ becomes _er ... mee_)
  4. Place (_er_ means "there", in Maastricht)

Use it today

When someone asks how long you have lived in your town, answer with _Ik woon er al ... jaar._ Then check your fridge and say how many eggs are left: _Ik heb er nog drie._

← Two objects and short pronouns Er is and er zijn: there is, there are →
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